Bloodhound trainer has to understand that dogs are no longer taught to track odors on natural ability possessed since birth. Dogs can only be motivated as well as possible and be taught to concentrate on the main scent trail. Trained sniffer dogs should be able to ignore the scent trail to another. Untrained dogs are usually happy to sniff out various kinds of odors in addition to trace the smell was told. When making a grueling job for sniffer dogs (eg search for contraband on the ship), the dog must be motivated to want to work hard in a long time.
8. Food
Some animal experts are now debating a pet dog belonging omnivorous or carnivorous animal based foods are eaten. Classification into the Order Carnivora does not mean that dogs should eat meat only. Not the same as with the family cat belonging to a true carnivore with a shorter small intestine, dog meat is not dependent on a particular protein or high-protein foods to meet the most basic food needs. Dogs can digest well a variety of foods, including vegetables and cereals that can be consumed by dogs in large portions. Plants eaten by wild dogs to meet the needs of amino acids. In addition, wild dogs also eat the contents of the stomach and intestines contain herbs that are ingested herbivores that become prey.
Pet dog can survive only with a healthy vegetarian diet is mixed well, especially those containing milk and eggs. But some sources doubt this fact, vegetarian dog feared could have an enlarged heart muscle due to lack of dilated ocardimyopathy amino acid L-carnitine [10].Nevertheless, the dog can remain healthy if given a balanced nutrition for L-carnitine are naturally conceived various types of nuts, seeds, vegetables, fruits, and cereals without peel skin.In the wild, dogs can survive on a vegetarian diet when animal prey is not available. But based on scientific research and experience during the race Iditarod race that requires the dog to survive for days in a state of savage nature, the dog must have foods high in protein (concentration 40%) including the meat to prevent damage to muscle tissue. Similar research is also applicable to other mammals. Protein consumed in a high percentage of wild dogs that prey is abundant.Provision of food with higher protein percentage than the required level seems to be no additional benefits to the dog.
Dogs often eat grass craze that can neutralize stomach acid and make the dog vomit. Dogs can remove unwanted substances from the stomach by vomiting. This capability comes from the habit of eating animals that hunt held in groups. Food should be swallowed as soon as possible so I can eat as much as possible before spent another herd member. After eating, dogs often brings back the bones that can not be digested, a prey animal hair, and so forth.
9. Hazardous foods
Some foods commonly enjoyed by humans can be fatal to dogs, including chocolate (Theobromine poisoning), onions (red onions), grapes, raisins, , some types of chewing gum, certain artificial sweeteners, and macadamia nuts. Now successfully known that cocoa is a substance harmful to the dog, while white chocolate may not be dangerous.
Grapes and raisins harmful to dogs became known only since 2000 and not all dog owners know about this. Because surely wine and raisins harmful to dogs has not been known until now.But a veterinarian [13] argued the dog's immune system becomes activated and attacks the body's own cells triggered by a virus that attacks grapevines.
This condition is called autoimmune acute fatal in dogs and the same with FIP in cats. Whatever the reason, the dog was not allowed to be fed grapes, various types of products such as biscuits raisins and sultanas.
Bone was boiled in no way should be given to dogs, especially chicken bones. Warming is changing the nature of the chemical and physical properties of bone that results can not be chewed dog bones properly. Bones broken into parts sharp and dangerous dogs digestion.
Human drugs at all should not be given to dogs as a substitute for medication prescribed for dogs.Existing human drugs which are highly toxic to dogs, especially painkillers containing paracetamol or acetaminophen (flu medicine).Alcoholic beverages also have the same level of danger to dogs and humans.
Dogs are often considered some kind of poison interesting to try, so it must be kept away from antifreeze fluid (antifreeze), snail poison, poison insects, and rat poison. Dogs most often deceived antidingin liquid that tastes sweet and delicious for dogs. It could be during a nap, the dog slept on a spill or former antidingin liquid spills from a car, hit by fur and lick-lick. Dog owners in a country that knows no winter would not have to worry about his dog poisoning antifreeze liquid.
Ornamental plants are poisonous if eaten by dogs include ornamental taro (caladium), Sri Rejeki, and Philodendron all of which can cause irritation of the esophagus. Hops are used as flavorings in beer is very dangerous and can cause high fever (malignant hyperthermia). [15]
Amarilis, Lilies, Hedera helix, Iris, and tubers of deafness can cause stomach irritation that is often continued in the central nervous system paralysis to coma and death. Dogs can die if accidentally ingested Digitalis plant, Convallaria, butter flowers, and ornamental plant genera Consolida and Delphinium for the cardiovascular system becomes impaired. Various kinds of ornamental plants of the genus Taxus are also no less dangerous because it affects the nervous system of dogs. Dog owners who meet with her dog ate one of the plants mentioned above shall immediately bring the dog to the vet.
Household cleaning fluid is also dangerous to dogs, ammonia, bleach apparel, carbolic acid, soaps, detergents, mothballs and matches.Cosmetics such as deodorants, hair dyes, nail polish and acetone and sunblock should also be kept away from dogs.
10. Health
Dogs susceptible to various diseases, began a mild-mild to dangerous. Some diseases are among the also a human disease, but some others are specific diseases of dogs. As with mammals, dogs are also prone to fatigue due to hot weather, high humidity air, or a drastic change in temperature.
11. Disease
The disease is easily transmitted among dogs attack rabies (hydrophobia), parvovirus, and distemper. Congenital diseases in dogs which is genetically inherited diseases including HD (abnormal formation of the groin), abnormalities of the knee joint (patellar luxation), to epilepsy and abnormalities of pulmonary artery valve (pulmonary stenosis). Dogs can suffer from almost all the diseases that humans can suffer from hypothyroidism, cancer, dental pain, to heart disease.
12. Animal parasite
Animal parasites known to infect dogs exterior body parts are the various types of ticks, mites and ticks. While animal parasites that live in the belly of the dog are roundworms, whip worms, hook worms, and hookworms.
13. Physical Abnormalities
Some dog breeds prone to congenital diseases, such as abnormalities of joint formation groin disease (HD), abnormalities of the knee joint (patellar luxation), abnormalities of cleft palate, blindness, or deafness. Dogs can also be affected by a disease that often affects humans, including diabetes, epilepsy, cancer, and arthritis.Broad-chested breeds often have the problem of excess gas in the stomach (gastric torsion).
14. Life expectancy
Life expectancy depends on the type of dog race.Large breeds average only live to 7-8 years, while the small size of the Terrier breeds can live to 20 years. The average life expectancy of a medium sized dog and mutt is around 13-14 years old. According to records that can be trusted, dog longest 29-year-old age finally died in 1939.
Dogs can live longer if given proper food, exercise, and taken to the vet for regular health checks. Dog owners also need to devote attention to all the needs of dogs and love him wholeheartedly.
15. Behaviour
Dogs are social animals, but the dog's personality and behavior can vary depending on each race. In addition, the dog's personality and behavior depend on the treatment received from dog owners and people who communicate with the dog. Dogs who receive violence from the owner or by deliberately starving dog can be quick-tempered and dangerous. Owners who fail to educate a dog can cause the dog's behavior becomes abnormal. [Citation needed] Often, dog owners are less and less attention from education to people love to bite or attack other animals.
16. Ancestors dog and domestication history
The study of molecular systematics show dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a descendant of one or more populations of wild wolves (Canis lupus).As can be seen from the nomenclature (nomenclature) for the dog, the dog is a wolf ancestors. Dogs can interbreed with wolves.
The relationship between humans and dogs have a long history. Wolf was found along with fossil fossil Hominidae family that comes from 400,000 years ago. Merging genetics and arkelogis evidence showed the dog was domesticated since the late Upper Paleolithic age, which is the transition between the Pleistocene era and Holosin, between 17,000 till 14,000 years ago.Nevertheless, the study of fossil bone morphology and genetic analysis of ancient dog, dogs today, and wolves can not ensure the origin of domesticated dogs. All dogs probably came from only one group of wolves who have domesticated. But there is the possibility of domesticated dogs separately in more than one location. On several occasions, the domestication of dogs may also mate with the local wild wolves.
The oldest dog fossils are the two bones of the cranium and mandible Russia from Germany from 13,000 to 17,000 years ago. Most likely the oldest ancestor is the wolf dog fossils of the area north Holarktik Canis lupus lupus. Fossils dog that is smaller than the caves of origin Natufian cultural heritage Mesolitik era. The fossil is estimated to come from 12,000 years ago and is a descendant of the southwest Asian wolves Canis lupus Arabs medium-sized body. From the cave wall paintings and bone remains from 14,000 years ago, dogs have spread from North Africa to Eurasia and North America. Ancient people in Europe already appreciate the dog as a true friend. In Svaerdborg, Denmark there is a dog cemetery adjoining the tomb of the era Mesolitik.
DNA analysis conducted so far has shown different results. Vila, Savolainen, and colleagues (1997) concluded that the dog is a branch of the wolf that occurred about 75,000 to 135,000 years ago. Advanced analysis conducted Savolainen et al. (2002) indicates "all dog populations derived from source genes (gene pools) a single" together with the wolves. Branching occurred in East Asia around 40,000 to 15,000 years ago.Verginelli et al. (2005) instead proposed that the time of the branching of the wolf dogs need to be reviewed. The reason, the geological age of the younger fossils are often overestimated by measurement of molecular clock is less accurate.As a middle way which fits with archaeological evidence, divergence of dogs and wolves probably occurred about 15,000 years ago.
Verginelli examining DNA evidence from five prehistoric fossil Canidae which according to the method of measurement of carbon derived from 15,000 to 3,000 years ago, 341 wolves from several populations worldwide, and 547 purebred dogs. The results showed the ancestral dog came from a variety of separate herd, and or interbreed (interbreeding) with ancient dogs and wolves in various places throughout the world.The history of the dog a more detailed investigation was not completed, and until the availability of evidence to be believed, the history of wolves following ancestors merely hypothetical.
17. wolf ancestors
Although all wolves included in the species Canis lupus, in the whole world there is (or ever existed) a variety of different subspecies of wolf appearance, physical characteristics, and social structure. Already extinct Japanese wolf Canis lupus Lycaon and North American origin are colored fur, hunting techniques, and different social structures.
Compared to other subspecies of wolves, wolf-India is expected to contribute much to produce various kinds of dogs. Simultaneously ancestor various types of wild dogs can now be found in various places of the world such as the Dingo and dogs Paria. Indian wolves are also likely to marry and produce offspring European wolf dog mastiff. Next of developing various types of mastiff dog breeds like Pug, Saint Bernard, and Bloodhound. Tibetan Mastiff Mastiff is also the most ancient lineage.
European wolf dog race play a role in generating Spitz, most terriers, and various types of shepherd dogs that exist today. China Wolves most likely were the ancestors of Pekingese and toy spaniels. But China may be descended from wolves and wolf interbreeding Europe for centuries ago and produces various types of mini dog from Asia.
Wolves Canis lupus species Lycaon is a direct ancestor to most (or all) dog sled puller (SLED dog) living in North America. Interbreeding between dogs living in the Arctic region with the wolf is still ongoing. The resulting offspring well-liked man, because it has physical characteristics similar to a wolf that can survive the fierce polar in nature. Peranakan dog-wolf too often unintentional, by coincidence dogs and wolves live in the same environment.
Phenotypic characteristics that distinguish a wolf with a dog almost nothing. Wolves usually have a "fluffy tail feathers" and erect ears. Most dogs only have one of these two characteristics of wolves, although there are also dog race that has both.
[Edit] The process of domestication
Research conducted recently shows domesticated animals or domesticated traits in animals could take place within a shorter time [17] from the first time ever predicted.Domestication of wild dogs may be allowed in one or two human generations of selective breeding when it's done intentionally.Domestication of dogs was originally driven by motives of mutual benefit for both parties. Wild dogs are picking up food scraps around human settlements get more food than herd-mates are still wild and afraid of humans. Wild dog attack which happened early humans or the possibility of their children were expelled or killed, while the wild dog that is friendly to humans safely. Early humans use dogs to drive away wild animals human intruders. Keen senses of a dog that makes dogs served as guardians of the arrival of human predators that are always targeted.
18. Dog meat
The main article for this section are: Dog meat
Aside from being a pet, dogs are still bred and slaughtered as a protein source in several places in the world. In countries that love dogs as pets, eating dog meat is a taboo act and against the habit.
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| Persahabatan Manusia dan Anjing |
In several provinces in Indonesia, dog meat is eaten as a protein source either openly or secretly. In Manado food, dog meat is known as "RW" (short for "rintek wuuk" which in language means Tombulu fuzz). [18] Batak cuisine is also known dishes of dog meat, dog meat despite the coded "B1" is not the best food popular in the culinary Tapanuli. In Solo, Sate or Sengsu Jamu is the designation for the sate and tongseng dog meat.
19. famous Dogs
Human and dog friendship that has lasted a long time to make a lot of dogs known for his loyalty to the man or accidental maintained a famous person who hated a lot of people. In popular culture, various figures dogs became famous for his role in the novel, television series, movies, and video games.
20. Neoteni in the evolution of various dog breeds
Rapid evolution of wolves to dogs is an example neoteni or pedomorfosis.Like the species, the young wolves are more social and less dominant than adult wolves. Whether intentionally mapun not, the nature of human cub who favored more likely to result in a childishness that continues to carry over until it becomes an adult wolf. Pedomorfosis natural selection also resulted in the persistence of the physical characteristics of young wolves.Compared with the wolves, most adult dogs race retains the physical characteristics of children, such as feather soft, plump body, large head and eye, ear leaf that falls and not upright, and various other characteristics possessed young mammals. Everything is in order to obtain such protection and care of adult mammals, including humans for reasons "funny" or "adorable."
Still there are many more examples neoteni in dogs, each race gets treatment neoteni different depending on the nature of unwanted dogs.
- German shepherd guard livestock show properties hounds, but in a controlled fashion.Members of this group, such as Border Collies, Belgian Malinois and German Shepherd to use tactics of hunter and prey to scare for a herd of cattle can be controlled. Their natural instinct to kill animals muted by training. Other breeds that fall into this group, like Welsh Corgi, Canaan, and the Australian Cattle act more aggressively when herding cattle. At the same time take advantage of a smaller body form to circumvent the animals that fight.
- Hunting dogs (gun dog or bird dog) is a human friend while hunting. Pointing breed dogs (pointers, game), setter (search game), spaniels and retrievers (collectors hunting) experienced pedomorfosis intermediate level. Join the hunt together "herd," but only acted as a "hunter" junior who did not take part in the actual attack. They identify potential prey and make them unable to escape, but exercise restraint and not attack the prey.Opportunity it provided to the predator attack more mature. The result is a dog race with the behavior of "pointing" game. Similar to the behavior of the dog "collector" who does not kill its own prey animals. They are only in charge of picking up the prey's dead or injured and took him to his fellow "herd." Physical characteristics of hunting dogs are closer to adult dogs compared with dogs shepherds, but usually do not have erect ears.
- Bloodhound (Scenthound) still has a medium body size and prey trailing behavior patterns by following the scent trail. Dogs that fall into this group still refrained from attacking prey alone, and need to call the pack leaders (in this case, humans) to complete the task.Beagle, Bloodhound, Basset Hound, Coonhound, Dachshund, Fox Hound, Otter Hound, and Harrier included in this group.
- Sighthound a dog chase and attack any prey in sight. Dogs that fall into this group while maintaining the physical form of adult dogs, with unique physical characteristics like a narrow chest and a slender body. But this breed is no longer has erect ears and thick double layered coats of the wolf. Afghan, Borzoi, Saluki, Sloughi, Pharaoh Hound, Azawakh, Whippet, and Greyhound included in this group.
- Mastiff type which was a big and tall, has a big chest like a drum, a big bone and a thick skull. Dog groups have traditionally been bred for war and guard dogs.
- Type of medium body-sized Bulldog, bred for fighting against other pets or wild animals.This breed has a square skull, large bones, broad shoulders, and muscular strength.
- Types of Terrier has an aggressive nature and less subject to the more senior members of the flock. This group has the physical characteristics of adult dogs such as erect ears, although the type favored by most of the small body size and have short legs, so that this breed can pursue prey in their burrows.
Dogs at least show a pattern of behavior is pedomorfosis basenji. Bred in Africa to hunt alongside humans, Basenji dog is very independent, do not need much attention and also do not expect too regulated human. Often called a cat-like personality, despite having the physical characteristics of prey such as adult dogs.
In addition to behavioral patterns according to the above groups, dogs in general is certainly able to change behavior based on experience, including study of the behavior of their "pack leaders" (men). The capacity of dogs to learn to allow dogs trained in such a way that does not resemble the nature of their breed. However, practice often can not change the natural behavior patterns of certain breeds. Whippet for example, may not be taught